Nicknames, Surnames,
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Snyder's Faith-sharing Evangelism Library - lots of free resources |
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Mark
3:13-19; Gen 17:1-5, 15-17; 1 Peter 2:4-9
Preview The
Missions of Jesus and the Disciples According to the Fourth Gospel,
Andreas Kostenberger
If you are listening to this on tape, I
recommend that you listen very carefully, or get the manuscript from
www.jacksonsnyder.org.
Mark
3:13. [Yahshua] goes up in the mountain and calls those whom he wanted to him,
and to him they went. 14. And he
appointed
(epoinhsen) twelve so that they might be with him, even that he
might send them to preach 15. and have
authority to cast out the demons. 16. And he appointed the twelve and he added
a name to Shimon (Simon) – “Kefa” (Peter); 17. as for Yahqov (James) of Zabdai
(Zabad, Zebedee) and Yah’annan (John) the brother of Yahqov, he also added a
name to them – “Benim Regesh” (Boanerges) – that is, “Sons of Thunder,” 18. and
Andreas and Philippos and Bar Talmai (Bartholomew) and Mattityah (Matthew) and
Toma (Thomas) and Yahqov of the Halfai (Alphaeus) and Taddai (Thaddeus) and Shimon the Canaanite 19. and Yahuda
“Sicarius” (Judas Iscariot) who even
betrayed him.
In the study of the Bible, names mean a
lot. The Almighty said that his name
was to be remembered in all generations
(Exodus 3:15) and those who take his name in
vain will be held accountable
(Exodus 20:7).
That’s why I use the Almighty’s name in all my teaching. In many cases, we only get a small glimpse
of Bible people, but we find a great wealth of information in their names. As we read in our Old Testament lesson,
Yahweh changed the names of both Abram and Sarai to Abraham and Sarah, which
means, “Father of a Multitude” and “Princess,” names that are in accordance
with Yahweh’s great promises. In the Gospel text, Yahshua is picking out
his twelve men who would continue the apostolic ministry and tradition that he
started. Some of these men we know about
from their letters or acts as recorded in the Bible. But of others we know little or nothing. Yet if we make a study of their names, we can
learn a lot about them because, in several cases, these disciples’ names were added
to their common names as descriptions of their mission or character. In fact, some of these men are not known by
their names at all, but by nicknames only.
What can we learn about them by these aliases? (In the translation above great care was taken
to render the names in both the original tongues and in English. In translating these New Testament Bible
names, five languages may be involved, including Aramaic, which was the common
tongue of the disciples; Hebrew which was the language of their faith; Greek,
the language of the world at the time; and Latin, the language of the
Romans. The fifth language is English,
which is our tongue; for without an excellent translation, how would we
understand?)
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in the Title.
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Early Christian Greek & Latin Literature: A Literary History, 2 Volumes By Claudio Moreschini & Enrico Norelli / Hendrickson Publishers Early Christian writings form a body of literature that has shaped Western culture as a whole, as Enrico Norelli and Claudio Moreschini demonstrate in this comprehensive book. The first six centuries of Christian experience impacted art and developed a philosophy that faced opposition, resolved internal conflicts, transposed itself into medieval civilization, and continues to influence culture today. Available for the first time in English, this book highlights the special character of the gospel message, the nucleus of every Christian literary form. The earliest Christian works from the first through the fourth centuries are presented along with respected contemporary writings in the first volume. The second volume moves to the Golden Age of Christian literature. The major personalities of the time: Ambrose, Jerome, Augustine, all writers of the highest rank are matched with Greek-speaking authors such as Athanasius, the Cappadocians, and John Chrysostom, thinkers to whom present-day Christians turn once again for spiritual direction. This two-volume edition organizes the material in chronological order. Each segment's detailed discussion concludes with an up-to-date bibliography. It also includes a general bibliography, and each volume includes an index of authors and anonymous works. Specialists in classics and medieval studies, as well as general theologians, art historians, archaeologists, and other students of culture will find in this work an in-depth survey, quality scholarship, and an original approach. Claudio Moreschini is Professor of Latin Literature at the University of Pisa. He has published critical editions of Tertullian, Gregory of Nazianzus, and Apuleius. Among his translations are the works of Gregory of Nyssa and his essays include discussions of Boethius, Latin neo-Platonism, and the Cappadocian Fathers. Enrico Norelli is Professor of Apocryphal Christian Literature in the theological faculty of the University of Geneva. Among his publications are editions of Mathetes' Ad Diognetus, Hyppolytus's De antichristo and a commentary on the Ascension of Isaiah. He was editor of the collective work La Bibbia nell'antichita cristiana and is co-editor of the collection Poche Apocryphes. |
Thomas
In John 11:16, Thomas is called Didymos. Neither of these is a name; both Thomas
(Toma) and Didymos
(DidumoV)
mean “Twin.” This man was the second born of twins.
(He was someone’s twin.) In The
Gospel of Thomas, which may have been written even before the Resurrection,
“the Twin” identifies himself as Judas Didymos Thomas, and he is
identified with as “Judas” several other places. Judas or Judah is the English translation of
a Hebrew name Yahda
(Yahuda, Yehuda) which means “Praise Yahweh.”
There are many stories about where Thomas
went and what he did. As I mentioned,
Thomas also recorded many sayings of Yahshua, quite a few aren’t found
in the Bible.
(Like,
“Blessed is the lion which the man shall eat, and the lion become man; and
cursed is the man whom the lion shall eat, and the lion become man.” Such a proverb hails back to stories like
that of Samson and the lion.))
We’ve worked on eight disciples now. The next three are “shadow disciples” because
so little is generally known about them.
They are James Alphaeus
(Yahkov Halfai), Thaddeus
(Taddai) and Simon the Cananaean. I intend to bring these fellows out of the
shadows and into the light. You’ll be
surprised to learn who they are. But let
me give you a clue: they are three brothers.
Three
Brothers?
The first
“shadow disciple” is the second James on our list. We already mentioned that the name James is
the same as Jacob or, in Aramaic, Yahqov – “Yahweh is Protection.” Some English translations say that James’ is
the son of Alphaeus, but the text simply reads that James is “of the Alphaeus,”
which, according to one source, may have been a class of holy men.*
Another source tells us that Alphaeus means “the First” or “Senior”
(from the first letter, alpha).
(King
James was the Fourth of Scotland but the First of
Baruch Lev writes, "The same word [elef] with different vowels, is "ahloof" which means chief, or in modern Hebrew, general. James was the mebakker (chief) of the Jerusalem Assembly. John Byl writes that elef אלף also means of the troop, thousand, or family.
The church historian Tatian, who lived about a hundred years after James
(and was a student of Justin Martyr, 100-165), gives this James yet another
title – “Lebbaeus,” which means, “The Levite”
(Matthew
was also a Levite of the Alphaeus, Mark 2:14). So his full
appellation in English is James Alphaeus Lebbaeus. We’ll later find him to be a prominent
figure in the Acts of the Apostles, in the histories of Josephus and the writings of the third bishop of
The next shadow disciple is Thaddeus. In Luke’s list, Thaddeus is called “Judas
of James”
(not “son of James”), or James Alphaeus’ brother. Because his name is both Thaddeus and Judas,
he’s also called “Theudas”
(a combo of the two), which means, “living water.” Some versions of Matthew give him another
title, saying he is “surnamed Lebbaeus.”
So this second shadow disciple’s full appellation is Judas Thaddeus
(or
Theudas)
Lebbaeus. This Theudas gets a
short but not sweet mention in the Acts.
(5:35-36
Gamaliel: “Men of Israel, take care what you do with these men. For before these days Theudas arose, giving
himself out to be somebody...” Indeed
this Theudas was somebody.).
Theudas was known in history to
have led the Israelites back out of
The third shadow disciple is Simon the
Canaanite. He has the same first name as
Peter, i.e. Shimon. His
title, the Canaanite
(or Cananaean), comes from a Hebrew word cana,
which means “zeal.” Luke calls him Simon
“Zelotes”
(zhlwthn) or “the Zealot” (Luke 6:15). We know that the zealots were a political
movement of the first century that fought for the overthrow of authority by
force. Zealots wanted to put very
strict religious government in place.
They were called Zealots because they were zealots for the Law.
You may remember that when Yahshua whipped
the moneychangers out of the Temple courtyard, the disciples remembered what
was written of him in the Psalms
(69:9), "Zeal for thy house will
consume me"
(John 2:17). It was for
this kind of violent zeal that Zealots were best known. Today we call such groups as these Zealots terrorists
– but I suppose if the yoke of a foreign power were about our necks, a few of
us might also become zealots.
Whose
Brothers?
Having now described the three “shadow
disciples,” James, Judas/Theudas and Simon, let’s find these names together in another
Gospel passage:
Mark
6:1. Yahshua came to his own country;
and his disciples followed him. 2. And on the Sabbath he began to teach in the
synagogue; and many who heard him were astonished, saying, "Where did this
man get all this? What is the wisdom given to him? What mighty works are
wrought by his hands! 3. Is not this the carpenter, the son of Mary
and brother of James and Joses and Judas and Simon, and are not his sisters
here with us?"
Did you
catch who is mentioned as Yahshua’s brothers?
James, Judas and Simon, the three shadow disciples – that is, Yahqov,
Yahuda and Shimon. May we conclude that three
of Yahshua’s disciples are his brothers?
His brother James Alphaeus Lebbaeus succeeded him as the Apostle and
overseer of the
When James lost his life, his
younger brother Simon Zelotes
(also known as Cleopas) succeeded him. In the meantime, the middle brother, Judas
Thaddeus Lebbaeus went out as a
missionary and was martyred somewhat early in his life (Acts 6:4). Jude left behind children that we know of who
were persecuted right into the second century as ancestors of King David.
There is still one more brother of Yahshua
that is unaccounted for, mentioned in Mark 6; that is, Joses. So there is still a little detective work to
be done there for you serious Bible students.
There is an answer to the identity of Joses! But you will have to figure that out! The identity of this man is too controversial
to bring up even here in this safe place.
Nicknames, Surnames, Code
Names, Assumed Names and Aliases
Why is it that Bible writers used such
confusing surnames and code names when referring to the disciples of Yahshua? Why did they want to hide the fact that three
of Yahshua’s own brothers were his chief apostles? Why these weird names like Alphaeus,
Cananaean, Lebbaeus, Thaddeus, Zelotes?
Why does James come out of nowhere in Acts to become the
chief apostle of the local assembly
(Acts 15)? Why underplay the importance of
the chief apostles and brothers of our Master in the Acts of the Apostles?
Why not just be forthright and more
truthful about these men who are our heroes of the faith? I’ll tell you why.
The Roman Emperors from Vespasian
(69
– 79) through Trajan
(98
- 117) tried to round
up and execute any descendants of King David.
One example is Emperor Domitian’s
(81-96) inquisition of the remaining
family members of Yahuda (Jude), Yahshua’s brother.
(In our text,
Jude’s called Thaddeus; and this event is recorded in Eusebius.)
When these family members were questioned about “Messiah and his
kingdom” they replied that the kingdom was not of the earth, but of the
sky. And at the end of the world, Yahshua
would appear to judge everyone according to his works. Domitian considered them to be ‘simpletons’
but his successor, Trajan
(98-117), had them all killed
(Eisenman,
James, 119).
The persecution of believers by authorities
certainly led to the veiling of these heroes of our faith by eliminating
them from the Gospels, replacing their stories with the idea that Yahshua was
alienated from his family
(like John 7).
But now that we know their identity, perhaps we can seek new truths
about their exploits, emulate them and go forth in our own apostolates as they
did.
P. S. The Disciple I Left Off
The missing disciple would be Judas
Iscariot, the “son of perdition” (John 17:12), who “was one of us and had been
assigned a part in our work”
(Acts 1:17 JNT).
This name has been parsed many ways to derive more meaning. There was a village in the Sinai called
“Kerioth,” so some thought this Yahuda was from there, which would make him the
only Judean disciple
(Joshua 15:25).
Years ago I parsed Iscariot as “Ish Cherith,” a “man who cuts.” My name means the same thing in
German: to schneide means to “cut.”
Most now understand that the name is derived from the Latin word “sicarius”
– an “assassin” or “murderer.” Sicarius
further breaks down to “user of the dagger.” A straight Roman dagger was called
a sica and a curved dagger was a
sicila.
(From which we get “sickle.”)
Indeed, that which was cut with the sica were the throats of
Roman officials and Jewish collaborators.
(Think of “the daggers of
So following the Zealots and Canaanites
comes Yahuda Sicarius (Judas Iscariot), a zealot and member of the elite sicarii
units, the assassin squads. The Zealots,
according to Josephus and other contemporaneous historians, were the scourges
of the Roman world. Josephus writes
about them extensively and disapprovingly, yet with a reserved admiration. Here is a quote regarding their tenacity:
Some
of the faction of the Sicarion ... not content with having saved
themselves [from Masada], again embark on new revolutionary scheming,
persuading those that received them there to assert their freedom, to esteem
the Romans as no better than themselves and to look upon God as their only Lord
and Master.
And another
that reminds of contemporaneous Christian martyrdom stories:
They could not get any one of them
to confess or to come to the verge of confession that Caesar was their Lord ...
meeting the tortures and the fire with
... a soul that well nigh rejoiced in them ... But what was most
astonishing was the courage of the children, not one of whom could be brought
to these torments as to name Caesar for their Lord. (Both quoted from Eisenman, James the
Brother of Yahshua, 180-181.)
P.
S. S. The Fourth Brother
Finally, there is the brother of Yahshua named
Joses
(Mark 6:3, 15:40, 15:47 – mentioned twice
as the younger to James and once as the
son of Mary). Only one
scholar really knows who he is. Looking
at their names in Latin – Ioses and Iesus – this scholar tells us
that Joses is his own brother, Yahshua.
They’re the same person in a different context.
Mark
6:3. Is not this the carpenter, the son
of Mary and brother of James and Joses and Judas and Simon, and are not
his sisters here with us?" And they took offense at him.
And
with all the nicknames, surnames, code names and aliases, why not? Joses, after all, means Yahweh’s Raised
One!
* The Golden Bough (1922) by Sir James George
Frazer, “Chapter 8. Departmental Kings of Nature” (excerpt) Among
tribes on the outskirts of Abyssinia a similar office exists and has been thus
described by an observer: “The priesthood of the Alfai, as he is called by the
Barea and Kunama (
Jackson Snyder
March 14, 2003 updated February 5, 2007